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custody and repatriation
Custody and repatriation (C&R; ) was an administrative procedure, established in 1982 and ended in 2003, by which the police in the People's Republic of China (usually cities) could detain people if they did not have a residence permit (hukou) or temporary living permit (''zanzhuzheng''), and return them to the place where they could legally live or work (usually rural areas). At times the requirement included possession of a valid national identity card. The system was abolished in 2003 after the death of Sun Zhigang, a migrant worker who died from physical abuse while being detained under the C&R system in Guangzhou.
==Background==
In China there were reported to be some 800 detention camps in 2000 (not including Beijing), and by then several million people had been through them. As well as migrant workers, the Chinese camps usually contained vagrants, beggars, petitioners, and criminals, and the police (Public Security Bureau) earned income by this traffic and sometimes workers' unpaid labor. Often the detentions were unfairly long.〔Nicolas Becquelin, "(Enforcing the rural-urban divide: Use of Custody and Repatriation detention triples in 10 years )", ''China Rights Forum'', 2002, no. 2.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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